In a world where the scale and complexity of businesses grow at lightning speed, the role of leadership becomes paramount in shaping their future. The traditional model of hiring professional managers to scale startups has long been viewed as the path to success. Still, a new leadership style is emerging in Silicon Valley, challenging that notion. This leadership philosophy, dubbed “Founder Mode,” is a term popularized by Y Combinator co-founder Paul Graham. It represents an alternative approach to running companies that are now redefining the success trajectories of some of the most iconic tech firms in the world. In a sea of professional managers, it is founders themselves who, with hands-on involvement, are proving to be the best navigators of their ventures’ growth.

Graham’s articulation of Founder Mode is more than just a buzzword; it is an ideology rooted in personal connection and vision, as exemplified by figures such as Elon Musk, Steve Jobs, and most recently, Airbnb CEO Brian Chesky. In a recent Y Combinator event, Chesky’s talk went viral through Silicon Valley’s leadership circles. His central message? The advice given to him on how to run Airbnb as it grew was catastrophically wrong.

“Everyone told me to hire good people and let them do their jobs,” Chesky said, recalling how Airbnb, in its early days, followed the traditional managerial playbook. “But when I followed this advice, I almost lost control of my own company.” For Chesky, this traditional management model — where a CEO gives autonomy to their executives and steps back — wasn’t just ineffective; it was dangerous. “I realized that I had to be involved in every critical detail, or else things would fall apart.”

The Pitfalls of the Traditional Management Model

The core of Founder Mode’s rise stems from the failures of traditional management strategies when applied to innovative, high-growth companies. Conventional wisdom suggests that as companies scale, the role of the founder should evolve from hands-on leader to a delegator. This is often accompanied by hiring seasoned professionals to execute tasks, allowing the founder to focus on the big picture.

Brian Chesky’s experience with Airbnb highlights the pitfalls of this approach. “It sounded great in theory,” Chesky noted, “but in practice, what it led to was professional fakers taking charge. They knew how to talk the talk but not walk the walk. I had to step back in, roll up my sleeves, and get involved in the details.” The lesson Chesky learned — and which resonated with many founders in the room — was that delegation without oversight can be a recipe for disaster in the fast-paced world of tech startups.

Other tech icons, such as Tesla and SpaceX founder Elon Musk, have similarly espoused the importance of being deeply involved in the operations of their companies. Musk, who famously described himself as a “nano-manager,” often bypasses layers of management to engage directly with engineers and frontline employees. “I’m in the trenches with my team,” Musk has said on numerous occasions. “You can’t build something revolutionary by being distant.”

Paul Graham’s essay underscores the opinions voiced by many founders: the traditional management style, which treats parts of the company as modular units, doesn’t work for high-growth startups. “You tell your direct reports what to do and leave it to them to figure out how,” Graham wrote. “But in reality, this leads to a loss of control and direction.” Instead, what these founders discovered — sometimes painfully — is that their intimate knowledge of their company’s vision and operations is an irreplaceable asset.

The Essence of Founder Mode

At its core, Founder Mode is about maintaining control over the vision and execution of a company. Founders operating in this mode remain deeply involved in day-to-day operations, making decisions that go far beyond strategy. They stay connected with their teams at all levels, frequently engaging in what management literature would call “skip-level meetings” — meetings where the CEO interacts directly with employees several layers below their direct reports.

Steve Jobs, often cited as the archetype of the Founder Mode leader, was notorious for breaking traditional organizational norms at Apple. One of his most famous practices was hosting an annual retreat with what he considered the 100 most important people in the company. These individuals were not necessarily the highest-ranking executives, but those who Jobs believed had the greatest impact on Apple’s success. “It wasn’t about hierarchy,” said a former Apple executive. “It was about vision and execution. Steve knew that staying connected to those who were driving innovation was more important than adhering to an organizational chart.”

Founder Mode doesn’t equate to micromanagement, despite its close association with the term. Rather, it’s about being involved in areas that directly impact the company’s direction. As Paul Graham explains, “Founder Mode is a different way of running a company, where the CEO is involved not just with their direct reports, but in the detailed functioning of the company. It’s not about controlling every aspect, but about ensuring that the key elements align with the company’s vision.”

Breaking the Conventional Leadership Mold

This philosophy stands in stark contrast to the management styles advocated by business schools and professional managers. In business school, future leaders are taught to empower their teams, delegate effectively, and avoid micromanagement. These principles work well in stable, predictable environments, but in the ever-changing world of startups, they often fall short.

As Brian Chesky pointed out in his Y Combinator talk, “They teach you to trust your managers, but what happens when your managers don’t understand the product as deeply as you do? What happens when they’re making decisions that could compromise the vision you set out to build?” Chesky’s experience at Airbnb highlights a recurring issue among founders: the people hired to lead divisions often lack the founder’s deep understanding of the company’s mission and product.

Many founders, like Musk and Chesky, feel that professional managers, particularly those brought in from outside industries, lack the sense of ownership and vision that founders naturally possess. “Professional managers are skilled at managing up,” Graham wrote, “but they are often detached from the core product and customer experience. Founders, on the other hand, have an emotional connection to their companies that’s irreplaceable.”

The Risks of Founder Mode

While Founder Mode has garnered attention and praise for its ability to keep companies on track with their original vision, it’s not without its risks. Staying too involved in day-to-day operations can limit a company’s scalability. Founders who struggle to delegate can become bottlenecks, preventing teams from functioning efficiently. In extreme cases, this can lead to founder burnout, as CEOs spread themselves too thin trying to manage every detail.

Not every founder is equipped to thrive in Founder Mode. “Some founders mistake involvement for control,” said Henrik Torstensson, a veteran entrepreneur and venture capitalist. “You need to know when to step in and when to let go. Founders who micromanage every decision can stifle innovation and demotivate their teams.”

Additionally, while the success stories of Steve Jobs and Elon Musk are well-documented, not every founder achieves similar results. For every founder who successfully leads their company in Founder Mode, there are examples like Adam Neumann of WeWork or Elizabeth Holmes of Theranos, where a hands-on approach led to overreach, poor decision-making, and ultimately, the downfall of the company. “Founder Mode can be a double-edged sword,” Torstensson warns. “The key is balance — knowing when to stay involved and when to trust your team.”

Redefining Leadership

Despite the risks, Founder Mode is redefining leadership approaches in Silicon Valley and beyond. With high-profile examples of its success and an increasing understanding of its nuances, Founder Mode offers a compelling alternative to traditional leadership models. “It’s not about rejecting professional management,” said Jared Friedman, a partner at Y Combinator. “It’s about understanding that the founder’s role is unique and that their involvement in the company’s direction can be a competitive advantage.”

Founders who embrace this leadership style are proving that they don’t need to follow the established playbook. Instead, by staying deeply involved in the operations of their companies, they can ensure that their vision is realized, even as their businesses scale.

As Paul Graham succinctly puts it, “Founder Mode is more complicated than Manager Mode. But it works better.” For founders navigating the complexities of high-growth startups, this approach may offer the best chance of maintaining their vision, scaling their companies, and ultimately, reshaping industries. Founder Mode, it seems, is here to stay, reshaping not just companies but also the future of leadership itself in Silicon Valley and far beyond.