A coalition of 223 music publishers, spearheaded by Universal Music Publishing Group, Concord Music Group, and ABKCO Music, unleashed a second blockbuster copyright lawsuit against AI powerhouse Anthropic on January 28, 2026, in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. The complaint demands more than $3 billion in statutory damages for the alleged infringement of over 20,000 copyrighted songs, marking what plaintiffs call one of the largest non-class-action copyright cases in U.S. history. Specific works cited include Rolling Stones’ “Wild Horses,” Neil Diamond’s “Sweet Caroline,” Elton John’s “Bennie and the Jets,” Survivor’s “Eye of the Tiger,” Coldplay’s “Viva La Vida,” and Imagine Dragons’ “Radioactive.”

The suit accuses Anthropic of direct infringement through massive illegal downloads via BitTorrent from pirate sites like Library Genesis (LibGen) and PiLiMi, amassing millions of unauthorized copies of songbooks, sheet music, and lyrics collections for training its Claude AI models. Co-founder Benjamin Mann allegedly downloaded about five million pirated books from LibGen in June 2021, while CEO Dario Amodei authorized the effort despite internal recognition of LibGen as “sketchy” and a “blatant violation of copyright,” according to the complaint detailed in Music Business Worldwide.

Publishers claim Anthropic stripped copyright management information using tools like Newspaper3k before tokenizing the data for training, finetuning, and reinforcement learning on datasets including The Pile (with Books3) and Common Crawl from sites like Musixmatch, LyricFind, and Genius. “From the very beginning, Anthropic has built its multibillion-dollar business on piracy,” the plaintiffs stated, as reported by MediaNama.

Piracy Roots Exposed in Court

This escalation stems from revelations in the 2025 Bartz v. Anthropic case, where Judge William Alsup ruled that AI training on legally acquired copyrighted content qualifies as fair use, but pirating via torrenting does not. Anthropic settled that authors’ class action for $1.5 billion, with writers receiving about $3,000 per work across roughly 500,000 titles—a sum dwarfed by its $183 billion valuation, per TechCrunch. The music publishers, using the same legal team, uncovered that Anthropic’s torrents included over 714 of their works directly, plus 20,517 more via ongoing model training and outputs.

Plaintiffs attempted to amend their original October 2023 lawsuit—covering about 500 works and $75 million in potential damages—but Judge Eumi K. Lee denied it in October 2025, citing untimely investigation. That first suit alleged Claude reproduced lyrics like Sam Cooke’s “A Change Is Gonna Come” and Beach Boys’ “God Only Knows” without permission. Lee later allowed all claims to proceed, noting Anthropic’s guardrails proved “actual knowledge” of user infringements, as covered by Reuters.

“We have been compelled to file this second lawsuit against Anthropic because of its persistent and brazen infringement of our songwriters’ copyrighted compositions taken from notorious pirate sites,” the publishers declared, positioning the case as a stand against AI firms’ refusal to license despite lucrative deals elsewhere, like UMPG’s pacts with Udio and KLAY.

Damages and Willful Claims Dissected

Statutory damages could hit $150,000 per work for direct infringement, plus $25,000 per violation for removing copyright notices, totaling over $3 billion. The suit names Amodei and Mann personally, alleging willful acts, including Amodei’s prior comments at OpenAI that torrenting was “faster and free.” BitTorrent’s two-way protocol meant Anthropic not only downloaded but uploaded infringing copies, amplifying liability, per TheWrap.

Anthropic has maintained guardrails post-2023 settlement to block lyric outputs, but publishers allege continued unauthorized training on newer Claude models. The company, backed by Amazon and Google, has not publicly responded to the new filing, though it previously denied infringement and touted Claude’s safety focus. On X, users like composer Ed Newton-Rex highlighted the suit’s scale, warning of more to come.

Broader AI cases echo this: UMG sued Suno and Udio for training on recordings, later licensing Udio; Warner partnered with Tips Industries and Nvidia. Publishers seek court-supervised destruction of infringing datasets and compliance reports, signaling a push for systemic change.

AI Firms’ Data Dilemma Intensifies

Judge Alsup’s Bartz ruling creates a legal bright line: fair use for training shields ingestion of purchased content, but piracy invites massive penalties. Anthropic’s $1.5 billion payout—America’s largest copyright settlement—barely dents its war chest, yet signals risks for peers like OpenAI and Meta facing similar suits over Books3 and shadow libraries.

For music, lyrics licensing via Spotify and Google underscores a viable market Anthropic bypassed. “Despite its multibillion-dollar valuation, Anthropic refuses to pay a cent for the vast amounts of copyrighted content,” plaintiffs charged. X discussions, including from Techmeme and Bloomberg Law, frame data sourcing as the new AI bottleneck over compute.

As discovery unfolds, this case could force AI giants toward licensing regimes, reshaping revenue flows to creators amid Anthropic’s valuation surge from $5 billion in 2023 to $350 billion.

Path Forward in Court and Industry

Plaintiffs demand injunctive relief to halt further use, mirroring failed 2025 bids but bolstered by piracy evidence. Anthropic’s defenses may pivot to fair use for post-acquisition processing, but willful torrenting undermines that. Reuters notes the suit’s timing post-Bartz leverages Alsup’s precedent directly.

Industry insiders watch closely: success could multiply damages across AI firms, prompting investor-funded settlements as Financial Times reported for Anthropic and OpenAI. Publishers’ dual track—suing infringers while licensing compliant ones—positions them to capture AI value. On X, posts from Reuters Legal and BitcoinWorld amplify the stakes for Claude’s future.