I spend a decent amount of time on a corporate wifi network. The network, which has its own proprietary login system, attempts to detect file sharing and virus activity (mostly file sharing, but they claim its a security concern) by watching the number of simultaneous requests and banning you from the network if it is determined as unusually high.

The system is too sensitive, and when I started going there a few months back, I would get banned all the time. Eventually, I realized that (a) I had to disable any P2P software, and (b) I couldn’t open the Opera browser. Apparently, if I open Opera when connected to the network, the fact that so many tabs are launching at once (40-80 tabs, typically) alerts the network that there might be a problem, and gets me banned.

After daily trips to the support desk, and having to teach them how to use Vista, I began to understand how the removed my ban from the system, and decided to just do it myself. See, they type in three commands at the command line, and I get back on the network.

Of course, clicking Start, typing C-O-Enter, typing three seperate commands, waiting for each to run, finish, run the next one, and exit the command prompt, and hope it worked (and if not, repeat again and again) was tedious and annoying, so I knew I had to automate it. Here’s what I did:

• Open Notepad
• Type out the commands, one per line. In this case:
  

  ipconfig
  ipconfig /release
  ipconfig /renew
  exit

• Save the file as iprenew.bat
• Merely running the file won’t work, because the command prompt won’t run those commands unless you have the elevated priveleges of an administrator. So…
• Create a shortcut to the batch file.
• Right-click on the shortcut, click Properties, and go to the Shortcut tab.
• Click Advanced
• Check the box next to “Run as administrator”
• OK, OK

Ugh. So much to go through just to not get banned from a network for opening too many browser tabs, or correcting the five times a day the network just stops working, I have to go through a bunch of hoops the average user would never think of (or be capable of) doing. Worse, Windows Search never actually noticed the shortcut, so I had to copy it to my Start Menu to be able to run it from there.

Now, my steps are down to (1) Click Start (2) Type “r” (3) Press Enter (4) Click Accept. Easier, but boy was it hard getting there.

(via Joe Stagner)

Maybe this is why babies are wearing “Windows Sucks” t-shirts!

(via Digg)

Comments

The first was a small technical issue that he had actually already answered himself but just wanted confirmation that he had done the right thing. He had, so we moved on to his second question. That one was a little harder to answer..

“So how come you never told me about this? This is great software!”

Hmmm. Yes, it is great software. It’s powerful, it’s easy to use. I have customers using it and they like it a lot. So why don’t I push it? Why aren’t I talking it up?

Well, I guess I just haven’t found the right way to present this to people. In the past, I have mentioned this now and then, and the response almost always has been “Naaw, we’ll use a hardware router. That’s a lot cheaper and easier”.

Well, yeah, hardware routers can be cheaper and easier. You do need to dedicate a PC to WinRoute, and that cost alone would buy a pretty good router. Add the software cost of Winroute to that, and you are getting up into pretty expensive territory (relative to hardware routers of course).

But really it isn’t all that bad: a fifty user Kerio Winroute with all the bells and whistles runs about $2,400.00 initially and renewing yearly support and updates is only around $1,000.00. That includes McAfee antivirius scanning of SMTP, POP3, HTTP and FTP, remote VPN clients and content filtering. A hardware router with similar features is likely to be just as expensive, but again you can argue that a hardware appliance is easier.

But is it? While some of my clients have bought spare routers to cover hardware failure, most don’t, and it’s definitely a lot easier to find a PC and reinstall WinRoute than find your specific router – you won’t find an Enterprise class router down at your local Staples. There’s also the matter of upgrades: while hardware router manufacturers do release firmware upgrades, I’ve found customers tend to ignore those. Perhaps it’s because flashing a firmware upgrade can be more difficult than doing a software update on a PC, or maybe it’s just fear of the unfamiliar, but my experience shows that hardware appliances are more apt to be out of date. Understand that there’s no good reason or excuse for that, but that’s still what I see in the field.

Customers also tell me that the Winroute Administration Console is much easier to understand and use than the hardware appliance they used previously. There’s also the matter of support: if you buy WinRoute Firewall from me you are entitled to telephone and email support from both me and Kerio.

OK, really I should push this more than I do. It’s an excellent product. You can download a 30 day demo from Kerio (and I can get the demo extended if you need more time). I’m happy to help you set this up – I think you’ll agree that it really can be better than a dedicated appliance.

*Originally published at APLawrence.com

A.P. Lawrence provides SCO Unix and Linux consulting services http://www.pcunix.com

There are many similarities between ISIS and OSPF, but one major difference is that ISIS has three different types of routers – Level 1 (L1), Level 2 (L2), and L1/L2.

L1 routers are contained in a single area, and are connected to other areas by an L1/L2 router. The L1 uses the L1/L2 router as a default gateway to reach destinations contained in other areas, much like an OSPF stub router uses the ABR as a default gateway.

L1 routers have no specific routing table entries regarding any destination outside their own area; they will use an L1/L2 router as a default gateway to reach any external networks. ISIS L1 routers in the same area must synchronize their databases with each other.

Just as we have L1 routers, we also have L2 routers. Anytime we\re routing between areas (inter-area routing), an L2 or L1/L2 router must be involved. All L2 routers will have synchronized databases as well.

Both L1 and L2 routers send out their own hellos. As with OSPF, hello packets allow ISIS routers to form adjacencies. The key difference here is that L1 routers send out L1 hellos, and L2 routers send out L2 hellos. If you have an L1 router and an L2 router on the same link, they will not form an adjacency.

An ISIS router can act as an L1 and an L2 router at the same time; these routers are L1/L2 routers. An L1/L2 router can have neighbors in separate ISIS areas.

The L1/L2 router will have two separate databases, though – one for L1 routes and another for L2 routes.

L1/L2 is the default setting for Cisco routers running ISIS. The L1/L2 router is the router that makes it possible for an L1 router to send data to another area.

In the next part of my ISIS tutorial, we\ll take a more detailed look at those ISIS hellos!

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Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (www.thebryantadvantage.com), home of FREE CCNA and CCNP tutorials and daily exam questions, as well as The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.

For a FREE copy of his latest e-books, “How To Pass The CCNA” or “How To Pass The CCNP”, and for free daily exam question, visit the website and download your copies!

CGMP will be enabled on both the multicast router and the switch, but the routers going to do all the work. The router will be sending Join and Leave messages to the switch as needed. PIM must be running on the router interface facing the switch before enabling CGMP, as you can see:

R1(config)#int e0

R1(config-if)#ip cgmp

When CGMP is first enabled on both the multicast router and switch, the router will send a CGMP Join message, informing the switch that a multicast router is now connected to it. This particular CGMP Join will contain a Group Destination Address (GDA) of 0000.0000.0000 and the MAC address of the sending interface. The GDA is used to identify the multicast group, so when this is set to all zeroes, the switch knows this is an introductory CGMP Join, letting the switch know that the multicast router is online.

The switch makes an entry in its MAC table that this router can be found off the port that the CGMP Join came in on. The router will send a CGMP Join to the switch every minute to serve as a keepalive.

A workstation connected to the switch on port 0/5 now wishes to join multicast group 225.1.1.1. The Join message is sent to the multicast router, but first it will pass through the switch. The switch will do what youd expect it to do – read the source MAC address and make an entry for it in the MAC address table as being off port fast 0/5 if theres not an entry already there. (Dont forget that the MAC address table is also referred to as the CAM table or the bridging table.)

The router will then receive the Join request, and send a CGMP Join back to the switch. This CGMP Join will contain both the multicast groups MAC address and the requesting hosts MAC address. Now the switch knows about the multicast group 225.1.1.1 and that a member of that group is found off port fast 0/5. In the future, when the switch receives frames destined for that multicast group, the switch will not flood the frame as it would an unknown multicast. Instead, the switch will forward a copy of the frame to each port that it knows leads to a member of the multicast group.

Two major benefits of CGMP are the explicit Join and Leave Group messages. In the next part of this BCMSN exam tutorial, we’ll take a look at the Leave Group messages.

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Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (www.thebryantadvantage.com), home of FREE CCNA and CCNP tutorials and daily exam questions, as well as The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.

For a FREE copy of his latest e-books, “How To Pass The CCNA” or “How To Pass The CCNP”, and for free daily exam question, visit the website and download your copies!

It’s been a problem from day one.

Initially they had a fairly low speed connection at the China side. Actually the connection here wasn’t a lot better, but this side was boosted up fairly soon after adding the vpn. So we had a good 512Kbs here and half of that or less in China.

VPN performance was poor to fair. There were a lot of start-up problems, probably mostly to do with language problems: the tech folk in China didn’t speak English and I don’t speak Chinese, so there was more than a little confusion at first. But it got straightened out, and the system worked. Not well, but it worked.

It’s mostly a character based app (Mas90) and email anyway. They’d like to do SMB file sharing, but it’s not critical, so the VPN shouldn’t be terribly stressed. But it seemed to be.. as I said, the performance was “ok”, but not really good. And there was the fact that they’d like to have file sharing.

So, the China side contracted for a better connection, bumping up to 512 themselves. Life would surely improve, right? Nope, it got worse.

And I mean really bad. Type a character and wait for it to be displayed. Really, really bad. Were they getting what they paid for, I asked? Maybe. I had them run a broadband speed test and got back conflicting results. Their upload speed might be as low as 17kbs to some locations. Yeah, 17 – not 170, but just 17. But download is fine, and they say web page access is fine.

Traceroutes to the main office show something holding it up badly just after it leaves their office. I’d like to get traceroutes to other places, I’d like to know what happens if we pull out the router and go direct from a PC, I’d like to know a lot of things. But that lack of English speaking techs has been a problem, so finally they’ve hired another tech firm that does have English capable techs. I’m hoping that with their help we can get to the bottom of it.

So what could be wrong? Well, it could be something like ECN but I’m betting it’s packet or window size somewhere.

First, there’s MTU size, which is the maximum size of a packet. If the packets pass through a network that has a smaller size, they are supposed to get broken up and re-assembled at the other end, but sometimes this stops working somewhere and the packets disappear instead. So I’d like to start by dropping the MTU down at the China end and seeing what happens.

But it could also be a matter of window size, which is a different concept. Machines negotiate tcp window size based on their ability to buffer packets. Fast machines with lots of available RAM can have bigger windows. In fact, modern systems can handle this stuff much more easily than the original design of TCP thought would be possible: the TCP window field is only 16 bits, so that would mean a maximum of 64KB.

That’s too small, so later (1992?) a “Window scaling” ability was added. If used, this multiplies the window size by an eight bit value in another field. But of course that raised an immediate problem: older systems might not understand that, so the rule is that a system that can do scaling says so in its initial SYN packet. The receiving system’s response should respond with the same option set if it groks the concept.

This hasn’t been a problem until recently, probably because any scaling that was done was limited. Linux prior to 2.6 only used a scale of 1 or 2, which isn’t all that aggressive. But suddenly in 2.6.7, the default scale was raised to 7 and things started breaking.

Apparently some routers are responding as though they’d be happy to do scaled windows when in fact they are not. As you might expect, things get very unhappy after that.

The machines in China are Windows XP, the email here is on a Mac Xserve and the Mas90 is on SCO Unix.. and the routers that provide the VPN are Linksys. But who knows what sits between us? Where are we losing it and why? That’s what I need somebody in China for.

*Originally published at APLawrence.com

A.P. Lawrence provides SCO Unix and Linux consulting services http://www.pcunix.com

One set of details that some BSCI and CCNP candidates underestimate are the differences between the OSPF router types.

An OSPF Internal router has one rule – it must have all its interfaces in a single area. It does not mean that area has to be Area 0.

An OSPF Backbone router is a router with at least a single area in the OSPF backbone area, Area 0. A router can be both an Internal and Backbone router if all its interfaces are in Area 0.

An Area Border Router has at least one interface in Area 0 and another interface in a non-backbone area. ABRs are also one of two router types that can perform OSPF route summarization. (To advertise a summary route from one OSPF area to another, use the area range command on the ABR.)

Finally, an ASBR is an OSPF router that is performing route redistribution by injecting routes from another source into the OSPF domain. This is the other OSPF router type that can perform route summarization; to summarize routes being redistributed into OSPF, use the summary-address command on the ASBR.

There are several commands you can use to determine the router types in a given OSPF area. The command “show ip ospf” will display quite a bit of information regarding the local router, and this includes whether that router is acting as an ABR or ASBR. To see the routes to the ABRs and ASBRs from the local router, run “show ip ospf border-routers”.

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Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (www.thebryantadvantage.com), home of FREE CCNA and CCNP tutorials and daily exam questions, as well as The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.

For a FREE copy of his latest e-books, “How To Pass The CCNA” or “How To Pass The CCNP”, and for free daily exam question, visit the website and download your copies!

According to Infonetics numbers, overall revenues were down 3% to 3.3 billion from 2004′s $3.4 billion. They also said overall global demand remained strong, hitting a 14% year-over-year increase.

“Overall the enterprise router market had a good year,” said Matthias Machowinski, directing analyst at Infonetics Research. “Though revenue didn’t quite keep pace with unit shipments, demand is solid. The transition from standard to secure routers is speeding up, with secure router revenue skyrocketing and unit shipments practically tripling in the last year. The underlying fundamentals of the market are strong because companies continue to upgrade their networks and look for platforms that integrate security features, QoS, and support for VoIP.”

Some market highlights included:

Though revenue was down a bit for the year, it was up for the quarter: worldwide enterprise router revenue increased 6% between 3Q05 and 4Q05, to $910 million

Worldwide secure router revenue jumped 121% between 2004 and 2005, from $363 million to over $803 million, and unit shipments nearly tripled

In 2005, Cisco lead the enterprise router market by a wide margin, capturing 81% of worldwide revenue share and 71% unit share

Hauwei remains in second place for secure router unit shipment and revenue market share

Nortel maintains third position for worldwide enterprise router revenue share, a position it has held for six of the last eight quarters

Infonetics also put together their productions for the market in 2009. They predicted strong IP router and carrier Ethernet switch and router sales would kick up the worldwide service provider router and switch market to $10 billion in 2009, up from $7.2 billion in 2005.

“Service providers are clearly moving toward next gen IP networks, and Ethernet plays a strong growing role in that move. It is no surprise that carrier Ethernet switches and routers (CESR) show up big in 4Q05 in our new quarterly report. Providers need carrier-class products; eventually, nearly every service provider IP router will be designed to meet the specifications of CESR products,” said Michael Howard, principal analyst at Infonetics.

Some highlights from those predictions include:

A total of $43.4 billion will be spent on service provider routers and switches worldwide during the five-year period between 2005 and 2009

Core and edge router sales jumped 31% between 2004 and 2005, from $4.0 billion to $5.2 billion

Multiservice switch revenue dropped 5% between 2004 and 2005, from $2.1 billion to $2.0 billion

Carrier Ethernet switch and router revenue totaled $617 million in the fourth quarter

Cisco maintains its strong lead in the service provider router market, with 42% revenue share in 2005, followed by Juniper with 19%, then Nortel and Alcatel

North America’s share of the worldwide service provider router and switch market fell to 37% in 2005, from almost 60% in 2000

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John Stith is a staff writer for WebProNews covering technology and business.

Some of you are starting with one or two routers or switches, while others are starting with more. A customer recently sent me a list of his Cisco routers and switches that he has available for a home lab and asked for my help in coming up with the best way to use them.

There is no “right” or “wrong” answer to this question; again, part of the learning process is configuring and reconfiguring the physical topology of your lab. Let’s look at the routers and switches he has available, including the interfaces on each, and come up with one possible CCNA / CCNP home lab setup.

The equipment list:

Two 3620 routers. Each has 1 serial port and 2 ethernet ports.

One 3640 router. This has two ethernet cards, each with two ports, and two AUI ports.

Three 2503s, my personal favorite for home labs! These have 1 AUI port, 2 serial interfaces, and one BRI interface apiece.

One 2524 router. This has one serial port, 1 ethernet port, and one BRI interface.

One 4500 router. This has eight BRI ports, 2 ethernet ports, and more importantly, four serial ports.

He also has a 5200 access server, an ISDN simulator, one 2924 switch, and one 1924 switch.

Now, if you don’t have this much equipment to work with, don’t panic! Most CCNA / CCNP candidates don’t; this is more of an exercise in looking at what you do have and using it to the utmost.

As I’ve mentioned in many of my CCNA / CCNP home lab articles, an access server is a great thing to have. All he needs is an octal cable to connect his AS to the other devices we choose to use, and he’s all set. (If you need an access server sample configuration, there is one on my website in the Home Lab section.)

A frame relay switch is also great to have, and the 4500 will make a great FR switch. Having a frame relay cloud in your CCNA / CCNP home lab is a great way to get experience configuring and troubleshooting frame relay, an essential skill for CCNA success.

I would put both of the 3620s on the frame relay cloud via the Serial interface, as well as two of the 2503s. That gives you four routers that will be using frame relay to communicate, and that’s the most we can have since the 4500 has four serial ports. The 4500 will need to be configured as a frame relay switch and connected to the other routers via a DTE/DCE cable. (Again, if you need a frame relay switch configuration, the one I use in my pods is on the website in the same place as the access server configuration.)

The two 2503s that are on the frame relay cloud should also be connected via their BRI interfaces. The home lab also includes an ISDN simulator, which is necessary to allow routers to communicate via their BRI interfaces. Just get a couple of straight-through cables to connect those two routers to the ISDN simulator and that segment is ready to go. (Remember that you can’t connect Cisco routers directly via their BRI interfaces.)

All of the routers in this lab have at least one ethernet or AUI port, so we can connect them all to either one of the switches. The switches should be connected via at least two crossover cables to allow practice with trunking, root bridge election, and VLANs. Having two switches really does add quite a bit to a CCNA / CCNP home lab’s capabilities. You can experiment with different subnets and vlans with as well. Don’t be afraid to dive in – that’s what a home lab is all about!

So now we’ve got four routers connected via frame relay, two via ISDN, and the others via ethernet segments. Two of the routers that are not using their serial interfaces should be connected directly via their serial ports. For this, you’ll just need another DTE/DCE cable. Knowing how to bring up the line between two directly connected serial ports is an important CCNA skill, and so is troubleshooting it. You should be able to bring such a connection up with your eyes closed, and once you work with your own CCNA / CCNP home lab, you’ll be able to!

Also, don’t forget to add a loopback interface to each one of your routers. I like to use 1.1.1.1 for R1, 2.2.2.2 for R2, and so on. Advertising loopbacks is another great way to get practice with RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, IGRP, and static routing.

We’ve taken a pile of routers and switches and turned them into a fantastic CCNA / CCNP home lab. Whether you’re working with two Cisco devices or ten, coming up with your own home lab topology is a great learning experience and the beginning of developing your analytical and troubleshooting skills.

Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (www.thebryantadvantage.com), home of FREE CCNA and CCNP tutorials and daily exam questions, as well as The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.

For a FREE copy of his latest e-books, “How To Pass The CCNA” or “How To Pass The CCNP”, and for free daily exam question, visit the website and download your copies!

The achievement in advancing Internet Protocol Next Generation Networks (IPNGN) is a major addition to the IPNGN architecture they introduced last year. This combined with major partnerships with ComCast and Sprint to develop IPNGNs for their services have created an exciting atmosphere at Cisco.

“Our momentum in the market is clearly demonstrated by these major customer announcements and the new and innovative IP NGN solutions we introduced today,” said Jeff Spagnola, vice president, Service Provider Marketing at Cisco. “But we recognize that the transformation of the networks and their business that our providers are pursuing requires continued innovation and collaboration on all fronts, including implementation, training and sales. To this end, we are firmly committed, are making the investment, and have the drive necessary to help our customers be successful.”

Service convergence or “triple play on the move” – where increased application and subscriber-level service control intelligence is needed to facilitate the efficient and profitable delivery of voice, video, data and mobility services for wireline and wireless convergence. To achieve true service convergence, providers must be able to operate, bill, and manage a service over a range of access mediums. Cisco and its partners have developed an open Service Exchange framework, which allows service providers to facilitate and control customer access and use IP services while placing no limit on the types of applications that can be deployed.

Availability of the new offerings will happen pretty quickly too. The XR12000 router, currently being considered by BellSouth will be available in June and runs for $45,000 list and upgrades starting at $12,500. The 7604 router will be available at the end of April and starts at $34,000 for the base configuration. The Cisco SPA and SIP solutions start at a list price of $2,500 and vary according to product models and supported platforms.

John Stith is a staff writer for WebProNews covering technology and business.

This extends the Cisco Internet Protocol Next-Generation Network (IP NGN) strategy that fosters network convergence and extends investment protection for service providers.

As with the Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System, the Cisco XR 12000 Series is powered by Cisco IOS XR software, the industry’s first fully modular, self-healing operating system designed specifically for carrier-class routing platforms that can scale and distribute processing. Cisco IOS XR software allows customers unmatched flexibility in terms of adding new features or patches via In Service Software Upgrades (ISSU), built-in reliability, and uptime.

BellSouth Corporation, a Fortune 100 communications company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia and a parent company of Cingular Wireless, is currently evaluating the Cisco XR 12000.

“The modular design of the software in the Cisco XR 12000 could enhance our ability to maintain service levels and performance,” said Mike Duckett, research director — BellSouth Science and Technology. “We are pleased with Cisco’s plans to make the Cisco XR 12000 carrier class. This redesign, we believe, is critical to reducing the risk of feature introduction and increasing scalability and reliability.”

Another customer who is experiencing the benefits of IOS XR and the Cisco XR 12000 is the China Education and Research Network (CERNET). As the first nationwide education and research computer network in China, CERNET’s goal is to deliver next-generation Internet applications that support more than 900 education and research institutions worldwide.

“As such, we have asked our router vendors for a fully modular software architecture that enables each routing protocol and other applications to run independently from one another,” said Professor Li, Chief Technology Officer of CERNET. “For two months we have run the Cisco XR 12000 with IOS XR in our live network and we are pleased with the results demonstrated during this deployment.”

KDDI Labs, the research and development subsidiary of KDDI Corporation, has also been testing the Cisco XR 12000 in its lab.

“KDDI is planning to build a ubiquitous network for broadband and narrowband and as such network reliability is critical,” said Dr. Tomohiro Otani, senior research engineer at KDDI Labs. “In our evaluation of the IOS XR software on the Cisco 12000 platform, Cisco demonstrated great progress towards a cross platform, next-generation software architecture that gives IP networking utility-like simplicity and reliability.”

Offering key features such as secure virtualization, continuous system operation, and multiservice scale, the Cisco XR 12000 provides intelligent routing solutions scaling from 2.5 gigabits-per-second (gpbs) to nX 10 gbps per slot. With its unique ServiceFlex design and Service Separation Architecture, the Cisco XR 12000 Series allows service providers to isolate public and private services through the secure virtualization of a single router into separate physical and logical routing domains.

Continuous system operation is based on the self-healing and self-defending capabilities of the IOS XR software, which is designed for always-on operation while scaling capacity and adding new services or features. And with distributed processing intelligence and robust quality of service and multicast mechanisms, the Cisco XR 12000 Series allows providers to scale service attach points like FR/ATM, L2/L3 VPN and customer attach points such as queues and access control lists, while simultaneously scaling performance. Also, Cisco’s new Interface Flexibility (I-Flex) design for Shared Port Adapters (SPAs) and SPA Interface Processors (SIPs) provides broad interface options for the Cisco XR 12000 Series.

DFN (Deutsches Forschungsnetz), Germany’s national research and education network that provides high-performance infrastructure for the German educational and research communities, has been evaluating the Cisco XR 12000.

“The modular design of the software in the Cisco XR 12000 dramatically enhances our ability to maintain service levels and performance,” said Hubert Waibel, head of the Network Operating Center at DFN. “We are pleased with the progress Cisco is making to continually respond to our needs and add important features and capabilities that we can implement while maintaining high performance and complete stability.”

Another research network, New York’s NYSERNet is also evaluating the Cisco XR 12000 for its advanced-networking functionality.

“As a provider of next-generation Internet services for New York State’s research and education community, NYSERNet is constantly looking towards the future of networking hardware, software and features,” said Bill Owens, director of Advanced Technology and Networking. “We typically track the latest versions of IOS in our network and exercise its most advanced capabilities, so we’re excited to be working with IOS XR, since it is the new path for IOS development.”

Cisco is providing a full toolkit of conversion tools, product literature, training, as well as commercial upgrade kits to assist customers who wish to migrate now or over the next few years to the Cisco XR 12000 Series. This provides investment protection and a seamless transition for more than 25,000 Cisco 12000 routers deployed globally.

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